If You Can’t Secure Your Hardware, You Can’t Secure Your Software

Abstract: As global infrastructure becomes increasingly digital and interconnected, securingsoftware alone is insufficient to defend against threats targeting critical systems. Vulnerabilitiesat the hardware level, from inverters in solar panels to semiconductors and memory chips,present exploitable entry points that undermine even the most secure software environments.Drawing from real-world incidents, academic research, and government assessments, this paperoutlines […]